Given that maintenance for wind turbines involves the replacement of costly parts as well as time-consuming and dangerous ascents of turbines up to 100m tall, there is a constant focus within the industry on improving the reliability of these devices. Though it is impossible to predict all of the necessary maintenance in any device, taking a few steps whilst building turbines and during routine maintenance can reduce the risk of unscheduled downtime and the associated costs.
Wind turbine systems
The system of power generation within a wind turbine is fairly simple. Wind turns the blades of a turbine, which in turn rotate a slow-moving crank shaft. The motion of this shaft is amplified by a gearbox before being applied to a rapidly spinning generator. The generator produces power, which is then applied to the slip ring and is drawn off by carbon brushes in a brush holder mounted near the slip ring. The resulting power is taken to the grid.
Operating time is key to effective power generation by wind turbines. Since wind is not constant, turbine operators strive to keep turbines spinning for more than 98% of the time during adequate-wind events. In order for this to be possible, all of the components of the turbine must be working properly. When the time, danger and difficulty in replacing components (nearly all of which are concentrated at the very top of a turbine) is factored in, it becomes clear that long component service life is critical to effective power generation.
The carbon brushes resting on the slip ring are responsible for creating a brush film on the ring. Film conditions vary based on service conditions and brush grade. Excessively heavy films inhibit transfer of current, while films that are too thin lead to slip ring damage. An ideal brush film allows the slip ring to continue spinning smoothly, without being damaged by the brushes, while still effectively transferring power into the grid.
Choosing a reliable gearbox
Gearboxes are the components that fail most often within wind turbine power generation systems. Choosing a reliable, appropriate gearbox for the turbine is therefore important in reducing downtime. Because of this, performing adequate scheduled maintenance on the box - such as ensuring proper lubrication for the environmental conditions of the turbine - is also a key step in improving reliability.
Wind turbines are often placed in some of the harshest conditions on the planet. Offshore wind farms, for example, must contend with the high salinity of sea air, while wind farms in desert conditions contend with the dry air containing abrasive sand, high temperatures and low wind speeds. Proper maintenance is especially important in these cases, as harsh environmental conditions wear down turbine components much faster than laboratory service conditions might indicate, especially if not maintained properly.
Selecting the correct brush grade
Carbon brushes are the least expensive component in a turbine system and one of the easiest to replace; however they must be replaced the most frequently. A suitable brush can last up to three years and help to extend the service life of other components such as the slip ring; however, unsuitable brushes can lead to drastically increased costs and unnecessary downtime. When an unsuitable grade of brush for the turbine’s operating conditions is used, or worn brushes are left unreplaced for too long, they can create additional wear on the slip ring, causing it to degrade or lose roundness and force early replacement.
Selecting the correct brush grade is, therefore, an important step in turbine upkeep. The brush grade required depends on the service conditions of each turbine.
Morgan Advanced Materials offers one of the widest ranges of brush grades currently available in the industry. Each grade contains a different material composition and impregnation designed to optimise service life of the brushes and rings in a given service condition.
The brushes are primarily made from graphite, though the percentage of graphite can vary; some grades include copper or other metals as abrasive or cleaning materials in service conditions where brush film buildup is likely. Similarly, impregnations, or chemical compounds that are introduced into the graphite during production, help to optimise brush film and therefore protect turbine components.
Monitoring environmental conditions such as humidity, temperature and salinity and consulting with an expert, such as Morgan’s sales representatives or application engineers, can help turbine operators find the ideal brush grade for each turbine installation. This leads to extended brush life as well as extended service life for slip rings and brush holders.
Ensuring roundness
Another critical step in improving the reliability of wind turbines is checking the roundness of slip rings while they are in service. The new
MSPro14 surface profiler, supplied by Morgan’s Electrical Carbon business, does just that, and helps wind turbine operators combat the detrimental effects of slip rings that have lost their roundness.
Non-round slip rings place additional stress on carbon brushes, wearing them out faster than in normal conditions and causing early failure. Slip rings that are not round can also cause carbon brushes to spark due to a poor electrical connection. If this is the case, power is not being drawn from the slip ring as efficiently as possible, and overall power generation decreases.
With this information, wind turbine operators can reduce the overall maintenance necessary for their turbines, and therefore reduce downtime, time-consuming trips up and down turbines, and the danger to workers associated with these trips. In addition, the selection of appropriate components such as carbon brushes and scheduled roundness checks with a profiler can reduce the costs associated with turbine upkeep. Increased power generation uptime and reduced cost lead to the most cost-effective wind turbine operation possible.
About the Auhtor:
Morgan Advanced Materials is a global materials engineering company which designs and manufactures a wide range of high specification products, across multiple sectors and geographies.Electrical Transfer is a business of Morgan Advanced Materials, with more than 10,000 employees across 50 countries, serving specialist markets in the energy, transport, healthcare, electronics, security and defence, petrochemical and industrial sectors. The Electrical Carbon division produces carbon and metalised-carbon current collector strips and assemblies for linear electrical transfer.